A credit transaction as a way of buying and selling goods and services, in which the price is not paid in cash,contains several risks for the seller. The risks of non-payment and bankruptcy of the buyer are the most important ones that could endanger the liquidity cycle and even life of the seller. The weight of the risk depends on the amount of capital and deals of companies. So, SMEs may harm more. Credit insurance is a common way of credit risk management which does not commonly used by the SMEs, notwithstanding their fragility and requirement. In this article the ability and efficiency of credit insurance for management of credit risks of this enterprises is examined. The authors consider that credit insurance could be one of the best methods of management of the risk for SMEs.

User Relationships Management (URM) is a management approach to maintaining successful relationships with customers and users over time in order to keep the user profitable. The aim of this study is to design a profitability model for the end user from the perspective of technology entrepreneurs in the software industry of Iran with a mixed method. The statistical population includes all technology entrepreneurs those who work as analysts and programmers, system support, professional users, managers and marketers in the software industry. Using the Cochran's formula, 132 people were selected as statistical samples. To collect the data, a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 51 items was used, the formal and content validity of which was confirmed by 30 experts and its reliability in a preliminary test with 30 subjects for all variables studied above 0. 7. It came to an acceptable level. To analyze the data, descriptive statistical methods with SPSS software and inferential statistics were used to model structural equations in Smart PLS software. The findings showed that sales promotion factors on social value, product social value on product emotional value, product performance value on product economic value, product economic value on user satisfaction factors, product emotional value on user satisfaction factors, user satisfaction factors on loyalty and loyalty The user affects the user's profitability. But the product social value does not affect the product economic value.

purpose of this study is design, entrepreneurship development model for small and medium organizations in technical and professional organizations using a three dimensional model (Breeding Characteristics, Stimulates Motivation and Entrepreneurship Skills and Knowledge Sample included 260 small and medium Size subsidiary companies of technical and professional Organization in Mazandaran Province. Required data gathered by using a questionnair with standard components and the reliability coefficient of 91%. Results based on Wilcoxon test using Spss software showed that technical and professional training in small and medium organizations entrepreneurship development have been effective. Factor analysis test presented the variables in the form of seven factors, and ultimately the structural equation modeling examine the model in the form of direct and indirect impact and the model confirmed in genrral. At the end of study, also presented detailed results and findings, conclusion of these cases are discussed and compared, and practical suggestions and recommendations related to follow-up continued similar research in the future, has been presented.

This study examines the effects of organizational culture (OC) on corporate entrepreneurship (CE) among small and medium enterprises (SMEs). First, some models were developed to measure organizational culture and corporate entrepreneurial activities. These models measure the key factors of OC that influence personnel to initiate CE and different entrepreneurial activities that SMEs applied for success. For this purpose, the stratified data sampling method was used and samples were selected from middle managers of SMEs in Yazd Province. Based on factors loading scores and components loading distribution, latent factors were extracted and named. The study concluded the existence of twelve different factors for OC and four factors for CE. These results were confirmed by other relevant studies. Validity of conceptual models derived in respect of OC and CE was assessed through path analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The results indicated the causality between indicators and latent factors. Then, a structural model was developed based on the relationship between latent factors of OC and corporate entrepreneurship. Result confirms the effects of all cultural factors except for strategic motives on SME’s innovational actions. Coordination factor has negative effect and tendency to change has the most effect on innovation and organizational self renewal. Developing the culture to be open to changes is the best solution in order to succeed in the small and medium enterprises. The climate of harmony has more effect on Risky investments in business.

This paper aims to comprehend the intrinsic limitations of the market players in the financial system and how these create a situation of ‘missing middle’ for small and medium industries (SME) financing in Bangladesh. A clear dualism prevails in the manufacturing industry of this country. While the SMEs maintains the biggest share in establishments and employment creation, large enterprises (LEs) contributes to the massive amounts of manufacturing value addition. Banks and other financial institutions furnish bulk of their financing to the export oriented large industries. Based on three surveys of these industries conducted by the World Bank (WB), Center for Policy Dialogue (CPD) Bangladesh and other organizations, and related literature and other published data, inferences are drawn that efficiency of these industries could be enhanced through assuring their fair participation in the formal financial sector. The development of SMEs in Bangladesh may be concentrated on some high performing firms who lie in extremes, the top end or the lowest end of SME cluster. Formal financing problem is more acute for those who are in the middle of this segment. Unlike many other papers in this area, the current one for the first time tries to understand the extent of the financing gap for these ‘missing middle’.

Enormous loss of production time in machining, handling and assembly operations is caused mainly by resources’ unavailability. For this reason companies, both large and small, should optimize the production processes with the detection and elimination in advance of the majority of possible mistakes and disturbances that could cause deadlocks in the production process. The optimization tools which are available on the market are usually too expensive for smaller companies, which search for their competitive position in small quantity production. Therefore, a low cost simulation tool for the optimization of the resource present management is presented in this paper, where resources are treated as one of the main parameters in the production process and which could also enable smaller companies to optimize their production processes from the resource presence viewpoint.

small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in the economy. In developing countries, these companies play an important role in creating employment, especially for women. Investing in the development of SMEs is a long-term and smart strategy with sustainable returns. SMEs constitute the vast majority of companies. Globally, SMEs constitute more than 95% of all productive units, when formal and informal SMEs are considered, about 50% of GDP and 60-70% of total employment are linked to SMEs. Since the global financial crisis, improving access to capital for small and medium enterprises has been on the agenda of global reforms. The purpose of this article is to examine the development and growth opportunities as well as the main challenges of Islamic financing for small and medium enterprises. This article will help to deepen the understanding of Islamic finance concepts as well as small and medium industries. In addition, it provides solutions for Islamic financial institutions to support small and medium industries.